![]() ![]() Mycol Res 111(12):1431–1436īlumenstein A, Vienken K, Tasler R, Purschwitz J, Veith D, Frankenberg-Dinkel N, Fischer R (2005) The Aspergillus nidulans phytochrome FphA represses sexual development in red light. Biochem Biophys Acta 1570:153–159īerne S, Pohleven J, Vidic I, Rebolj K, Pohleven F, Turk T, Maček P, Sonnenberg A, Sepčić K (2007) Ostreolysin enhances fruiting initiation in the oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus). Fungal Genet Biol 47:900–908īerne S, Križaj I, Pohleven F, Turk T, Maček P, Sepčić K (2002) Pleurotus and Agrocybe hemolysins, new proteins hypothetically involved in fungal fruiting. Science 320:1504–1506īayram Ö, Braus GH, Fischer R, Rodriguez-Romero J (2010) Spotlight on Aspergillus nidulans photosensory systems. Mol Biol Cell 19:3254–3262īayram O, Krappmann S, Ni M, Bok JW, Helmstaedt K, Valerius O, Braus-Stromeyer S, Kwon NJ, Keller NP, Yu JH, Braus GH (2008b) VelB/VeA/LaeA complex coordinates light signal with fungal development and secondary metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:7085–7089īayram Ö, Biesemann C, Krappmann S, Galland P, Braus GH (2008a) More than a repair enzyme: Aspergillus nidulans photolyase-like CryA is a regulator of sexual development. Curr Opin Microbiol 9:572–578īakkeren G, Kronstad JW (1994) Linkage of mating-type loci distinguishes bipolar from tetrapolar mating in basidiomycetous smut fungi. Microbiology 144:2961–2969īahn YS, Muhlschlegel FA (2006) CO 2 sensing in fungi and beyond. Ásgeirsdóttir SA, de Vries OMH, Wessels JGH (1998) Identification of three differentially expressed hydrophobins in Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). Ásgeirsdóttir SA, Halsall JR, Casselton LA (1997) Expression of two closely linked hydrophobin genes of Coprinus cinereus is monokaryon-specific and down-regulated by the oid-1 mutation. Ásgeirsdóttir SA, van Wetter MA, Wessels JGH (1995) Differential expression of genes under control of the mating-type genes in the secondary mycelium of Schizophyllum commune. Lectins may be involved in aggregation of hyphae, haemolysins in signalling particularly to induce apoptosis of selected hyphae in the fruiting body, while expansins may be involved in cell wall modification and extension. Experimental evidence indicates that cytochrome P450 enzymes, lectins, haemolysins and expansins also function in mushroom development. These enzymes have also been proposed to cross-link cell walls of hyphae in the fruiting bodies but this still has to be established. Apart from hydrophobins, phenolics polymerised by the action of laccases may contribute to surface hydrophobicity of fruiting bodies. The hydrophobic coating irreversibly directs growth of hyphae into the air, allows dispersal of spores and ensures gas exchange in fruiting bodies under humid conditions. Moreover, they coat aerial structures and line air channels in mushrooms. They enable hyphae to escape the aqueous environment to allow fruiting body development. The role of hydrophobins is well established. Regulatory circuits ultimately activate genes encoding structural proteins or enzymes that are involved in fruiting body formation. Several genes encoding such regulatory proteins have now been identified. Regulation of fruiting by the mating-type genes is mediated by downstream transcription factors. These genes encode DNA-binding proteins and pheromones and their receptors. The process of identification of genes will be accelerated by whole genome expression studies and increased availability of molecular tools to assign functions to genes.Įstablishment of the dikaryon and emergence of fruiting bodies in basidiomycetes are regulated by the mating-type genes. With the identification of the first genes involved in mushroom development, we are only at the beginning of understanding fruiting body formation. A wide variety of proteins are expected to regulate and coordinate these programmes or to fulfil enzymatic conversions or structural roles. Establishment of the dikaryotic mycelium and formation of fruiting bodies are highly complex developmental programmes that are activated by a combination of environmental cues. ![]()
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